Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment but often struggles with solid tumors due to immune resistance from the tumor microenvironment (TME). In fibrotic cancers like cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) create a dense stroma that blocks immune cell infiltration and promotes immunosuppression. Now the inventors showed that combining thermal-induced therapy, in
particular photothermal therapy (PTT) with gold-decorated iron oxide nanoflowers (GIONFs) can reshape the TME by reducing ECM stiffness and aiding immune cell infiltration. This, along with PD-1 blockade, activates T cells and decreases the immunosuppressive CAF subset. In preclinical models, this combination enhanced anti-tumor immune responses and improved tumor control. The inventors also showed that combining GIONFs mediated PTT with CAR-T cell immunotherapy targeting EGFR also represents an effective strategy for enhancing the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Hence, the present invention relates to methods for treating solid cancers combining low thermal-induced therapy and immunotherapy.